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Leadership’s importance led Sun Tzu to advocate the fourth fundamental factor: “By command, I mean the general’s stand for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.” 

Sun Tzu’s third fundamental factor declares: “By earth, I mean whether the distances

are great or short, whether the ground is easy or difficult to travel on, whether it is

open ground or narrow passes, and the chances of life and death.”

When interpreting Sun Tzu’s second fundamental factor, “heaven” as climate or weather, I had advocated taking an abstract view to go beyond physical climate of “winter’s cold, summer’s heat.” Thus, when applied to an organization, having a conducive climate will certainly ensure success.

As for the second fundamental factor, Sun Tzu defines: “By heaven, I mean the working of natural forces; the effects of winter’s cold and summer’s heat and the conduct of military operations according to the seasons.”

Let us explore further Sun Tzu’s first fundamental factor: “By moral law, I mean that which causes the people to be in total accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him in life and unto death without fear for their lives and undaunted by any peril.”